Answer: Vikings.
Some extra relevant information:
During the 8th to the 11th century CE, Europeans commonly referred to the Scandinavian invaders who frequently raided their lands as Vikings. The term “Viking” originated from the Old Norse word “víkingr,” which means “pirate” or “raider.”
The Vikings were skilled seafarers and warriors hailing from the regions we now know as Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Seeking new opportunities, they embarked on long-distance voyages, traversing vast oceans in their iconic dragon-headed longships. These Norse warriors would raid coastal towns and villages, pillaging treasures, taking captives, and causing widespread panic.
The Viking raids, known as Viking Age, were not limited to Europe but extended far beyond. Their reach stretched from the British Isles to the Mediterranean, and they even explored as far as North America. These plundering expeditions occurred primarily due to a combination of factors, including overpopulation, political instability, and a quest for wealth, resources, and fame.
The Vikings struck fear into the hearts of Europeans, leading to the construction of defensive structures such as fortified towns and castles. However, it is important to note that Vikings were not solely ruthless marauders, but well-rounded individuals with a rich cultural heritage. They were skilled traders, farmers, and craftsmen, known for their exquisite metalwork, shipbuilding, and storytelling traditions.
The impact of the Vikings on Europe was significant. As they ventured further afield, they established permanent settlements in various regions, including the British Isles, France, Iceland, and Greenland. In some cases, they integrated with local populations, leaving a lasting influence on their art, language, and customs. The Viking expansion also brought about increased trade and cultural exchanges across medieval Europe.
In summary, during the 8th to the 11th century CE, Europeans referred to the Scandinavian invaders as Vikings. These seafaring raiders left an indelible mark on history, known for their marauding exploits and voyages of exploration. While their actions were often feared and devastating, the Vikings also contributed to the cultural and economic development of the regions they encountered.