Answer: Agriculture and trade.
Some extra relevant information:
Egypt’s economy in ancient times was primarily based on agriculture, specifically the cultivation of crops along the fertile Nile River valley. The Nile River provided a consistent water source and fertile soil, allowing Egyptians to grow crops such as wheat, barley, flax, and vegetables.
Agriculture was the backbone of Egyptian society, with most people engaged in farming activities. The annual flooding of the Nile brought nutrient-rich silt which replenished the soil, ensuring bountiful harvests. Farmers used simple tools like wooden plows and sickles to cultivate their lands.
The surplus agricultural produce supported not only the population but also formed the basis for trade and commerce. Egyptians traded their surplus crops, including grains and vegetables, with neighboring regions for resources they lacked, such as wood, metals, and luxury goods. This established a network of trade routes that extended into the broader Mediterranean region and beyond.
Apart from agriculture, Egypt was rich in natural resources that fueled its economy. These resources included gold, copper, stone, and papyrus. Gold was particularly prized and used for jewelry, religious artifacts, and trade. Copper was used to make tools and weapons, while stones like limestone and granite were utilized for construction purposes, especially in building grand monuments and pyramids.
The utilization of papyrus, a plant found abundantly along the Nile, played a significant role in the economy as well. Egyptians used it to create a versatile material for various purposes such as paper, mats, ropes, and boats, facilitating transportation and trade.
In addition to agriculture and natural resources, Egypt also had a centralized government that imposed taxes and collected revenues, further supporting the economy. These funds were used for public projects, maintaining infrastructure, and supporting the pharaoh’s court.
Overall, the Egyptian economy was primarily dependent on the cultivation of crops along the Nile River, supplemented by trade, the exploitation of natural resources, and a centralized taxation system. This combination of factors allowed Ancient Egypt to thrive economically and establish itself as one of the most prosperous civilizations of its time.