Answer: The Indus Valley Civilization.
Some extra relevant information:
The ancient Indus Valley civilization, which existed around 2500-1900 BCE, was the first known civilization to have public toilets. The remarkably advanced sanitation system of the Indus Valley civilization demonstrates their exceptional understanding of urban planning and public health.
The ancient city of Harappa, located in present-day Pakistan, provides evidence of this remarkable feat. Archaeological excavations have unearthed well-designed and elaborate sewage systems, complete with underground drainage networks that linked individual homes to larger drains. These drains would then transport waste to larger public drains outside the city.
The toilets of the Indus Valley civilization were made of bricks and had a water seal, allowing waste to flow away while preventing foul odors from entering the living areas. Many houses in the city had their own private toilets, but public toilets were also built to serve larger communities.
The design of these public toilets was quite sophisticated. They consisted of a bench with holes, often separated by low walls, allowing multiple people to use them simultaneously. The waste would then be flushed away using the advanced drainage system.
This remarkable sanitation system exhibits the level of sophistication and concern for public health present in the Indus Valley civilization. The availability of public toilets ensured hygiene and cleanliness within the city, reducing the spread of diseases and maintaining a high standard of living.
Overall, the Indus Valley civilization’s innovation in creating public toilets showcases their exceptional knowledge in urban planning and sanitation. Their advancements undoubtedly contributed to the overall well-being of their society, making them pioneers in this essential aspect of public health.